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Guidance for using resource classes to manage memory and concurrency for Synapse SQL pool queries in Azure Synapse.

What are resource classes

The performance capacity of a query is determined by the user's resource class. Resource classes are pre-determined resource limits in Synapse SQL pool that govern compute resources and concurrency for query execution. Resource classes can help you configure resources for your queries by setting limits on the number of queries that run concurrently and on the compute-resources assigned to each query. There's a trade-off between memory and concurrency.

  • Smaller resource classes reduce the maximum memory per query, but increase concurrency.
  • Larger resource classes increase the maximum memory per query, but reduce concurrency.

Free online slot play for fun. There are two types of resource classes:

  • Static resources classes, which are well suited for increased concurrency on a data set size that is fixed.
  • Dynamic resource classes, which are well suited for data sets that are growing in size and need increased performance as the service level is scaled up.

Resource classes use concurrency slots to measure resource consumption. Concurrency slots are explained later in this article.

  • To view the resource utilization for the resource classes, see Memory and concurrency limits.
  • To adjust the resource class, you can run the query under a different user or change the current user's resource class membership.

Static resource classes

Static resource classes allocate the same amount of memory regardless of the current performance level, which is measured in data warehouse units. Since queries get the same memory allocation regardless of the performance level, scaling out the data warehouse allows more queries to run within a resource class. Static resource classes are ideal if the data volume is known and constant.

The static resource classes are implemented with these pre-defined database roles:

  • staticrc10
  • staticrc20
  • staticrc30
  • staticrc40
  • staticrc50
  • staticrc60
  • staticrc70
  • staticrc80

Dynamic resource classes

Dynamic Resource Classes allocate a variable amount of memory depending on the current service level. While static resource classes are beneficial for higher concurrency and static data volumes, dynamic resource classes are better suited for a growing or variable amount of data. When you scale up to a larger service level, your queries automatically get more memory.

The dynamic resource classes are implemented with these pre-defined database roles:

  • smallrc
  • mediumrc
  • largerc
  • xlargerc

The memory allocation for each resource class is as follows.

Service Levelsmallrcmediumrclargercxlargerc
DW100c25%25%25%70%
DW200c12.5%12.5%22%70%
DW300c8%10%22%70%
DW400c6.25%10%22%70%
DW500c5%10%22%70%
DW1000c to
DW30000c
3%10%22%70%

Default resource class

By default, each user is a member of the dynamic resource class smallrc.

The resource class of the service administrator is fixed at smallrc and cannot be changed. Book of ra kostenlos spielen. The service administrator is the user created during the provisioning process. The service administrator in this context is the login specified for the 'Server admin login' when creating a new Synapse SQL pool with a new server.

Note

Users or groups defined as Active Directory admin are also service administrators.

Resource class operations

Resource classes are designed to improve performance for data management and manipulation activities. Complex queries can also benefit from running under a large resource class. For example, query performance for large joins and sorts can improve when the resource class is large enough to enable the query to execute in memory.

Operations governed by resource classes

These operations are governed by resource classes:

  • INSERT-SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE
  • SELECT (when querying user tables)
  • ALTER INDEX - REBUILD or REORGANIZE
  • ALTER TABLE REBUILD
  • CREATE INDEX
  • CREATE CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX
  • CREATE TABLE AS SELECT (CTAS)
  • Data loading
  • Data movement operations conducted by the Data Movement Service (DMS)

Note

SELECT statements on dynamic management views (DMVs) or other system views are not governed by any of the concurrency limits. You can monitor the system regardless of the number of queries executing on it.

Operations not governed by resource classes

Some queries always run in the smallrc resource class even though the user is a member of a larger resource class. These exempt queries do not count towards the concurrency limit. For example, if the concurrency limit is 16, many users can be selecting from system views without impacting the available concurrency slots.

The following statements are exempt from resource classes and always run in smallrc:

  • CREATE or DROP TABLE
  • ALTER TABLE . SWITCH, SPLIT, or MERGE PARTITION
  • ALTER INDEX DISABLE
  • DROP INDEX
  • CREATE, UPDATE, or DROP STATISTICS
  • TRUNCATE TABLE
  • ALTER AUTHORIZATION
  • CREATE LOGIN
  • CREATE, ALTER, or DROP USER
  • CREATE, ALTER, or DROP PROCEDURE
  • CREATE or DROP VIEW
  • INSERT VALUES
  • SELECT from system views and DMVs
  • EXPLAIN
  • DBCC

Concurrency slots

Concurrency slots are a convenient way to track the resources available for query execution. They are like tickets that you purchase to reserve seats at a concert because seating is limited. The total number of concurrency slots per data warehouse is determined by the service level. Before a query can start executing, it must be able to reserve enough concurrency slots. When a query completes, it releases its concurrency slots.

  • A query running with 10 concurrency slots can access 5 times more compute resources than a query running with 2 concurrency slots.
  • If each query requires 10 concurrency slots and there are 40 concurrency slots, then only 4 queries can run concurrently.

Only resource governed queries consume concurrency slots. System queries and some trivial queries don't consume any slots. The exact number of concurrency slots consumed is determined by the query's resource class.

View the resource classes

Resource classes are implemented as pre-defined database roles. There are two types of resource classes: dynamic and static. To view a list of the resource classes, use the following query:

Change a user's resource class

Resource classes are implemented by assigning users to database roles. When a user runs a query, the query runs with the user's resource class. For example, if a user is a member of the staticrc10 database role, their queries run with small amounts of memory. If a database user is a member of the xlargerc or staticrc80 database roles, their queries run with large amounts of memory.

To increase a user's resource class, use sp_addrolemember to add the user to a database role of a large resource class. The below code adds a user to the largerc database role. Each request gets 22% of the system memory.

To decrease the resource class, use sp_droprolemember. If 'loaduser' is not a member or any other resource classes, they go into the default smallrc resource class with a 3% memory grant.

Resource class precedence

Users can be members of multiple resource classes. When a user belongs to more than one resource class:

  • Dynamic resource classes take precedence over static resource classes. For example, if a user is a member of both mediumrc(dynamic) and staticrc80 (static), queries run with mediumrc.
  • Larger resource classes take precedence over smaller resource classes. For example, if a user is a member of mediumrc and largerc, queries run with largerc. Likewise, if a user is a member of both staticrc20 and statirc80, queries run with staticrc80 resource allocations.

Recommendations

Note

Consider leveraging workload management capabilities (workload isolation, classification and importance) for more control over your workload and predictable performance.

Slots

We recommend creating a user that is dedicated to running a specific type of query or load operation. Give that user a permanent resource class instead of changing the resource class on a frequent basis. Static resource classes afford greater overall control on the workload, so we suggest using static resource classes before considering dynamic resource classes.

Resource classes for load users

CREATE TABLE uses clustered columnstore indexes by default. Compressing data into a columnstore index is a memory-intensive operation, and memory pressure can reduce the index quality. Memory pressure can lead to needing a higher resource class when loading data. Free casino games online slots with bonus. To ensure loads have enough memory, you can create a user that is designated for running loads and assign that user to a higher resource class.

The memory needed to process loads efficiently depends on the nature of the table loaded and the data size. For more information on memory requirements, see Maximizing rowgroup quality.

Once you have determined the memory requirement, choose whether to assign the load user to a static or dynamic resource class.

  • Use a static resource class when table memory requirements fall within a specific range. Loads run with appropriate memory. When you scale the data warehouse, the loads do not need more memory. By using a static resource class, the memory allocations stay constant. This consistency conserves memory and allows more queries to run concurrently. We recommend that new solutions use the static resource classes first as these provide greater control.
  • Use a dynamic resource class when table memory requirements vary widely. Loads might require more memory than the current DWU or cDWU level provides. Scaling the data warehouse adds more memory to load operations, which allows loads to perform faster.

Resource classes for queries

Some queries are compute-intensive and some aren't.

  • Choose a dynamic resource class when queries are complex, but don't need high concurrency. For example, generating daily or weekly reports is an occasional need for resources. If the reports are processing large amounts of data, scaling the data warehouse provides more memory to the user's existing resource class.
  • Choose a static resource class when resource expectations vary throughout the day. For example, a static resource class works well when the data warehouse is queried by many people. When scaling the data warehouse, the amount of memory allocated to the user doesn't change. Consequently, more queries can be executed in parallel on the system.

Proper memory grants depend on many factors, such as the amount of data queried, the nature of the table schemas, and various joins, select, and group predicates. In general, allocating more memory allows queries to complete faster, but reduces the overall concurrency. If concurrency is not an issue, over-allocating memory does not harm throughput.

To tune performance, use different resource classes. The next section gives a stored procedure that helps you figure out the best resource class.

Example code for finding the best resource class

You can use the following specified stored procedure to figure out concurrency and memory grant per resource class at a given SLO and the best resource class for memory intensive CCI operations on non-partitioned CCI table at a given resource class:

Here's the purpose of this stored procedure:

  1. To see the concurrency and memory grant per resource class at a given SLO. User needs to provide NULL for both schema and tablename as shown in this example.
  2. To see the best resource class for the memory-intensive CCI operations (load, copy table, rebuild index, etc.) on non-partitioned CCI table at a given resource class. The stored proc uses table schema to find out the required memory grant.

Dependencies & Restrictions

  • This stored procedure isn't designed to calculate the memory requirement for a partitioned cci table.
  • This stored procedure doesn't take memory requirements into account for the SELECT part of CTAS/INSERT-SELECT and assumes it's a SELECT.
  • This stored procedure uses a temp table, which is available in the session where this stored procedure was created.
  • This stored procedure depends on the current offerings (for example, hardware configuration, DMS config), and if any of that changes then this stored proc won't work correctly.
  • This stored procedure depends on existing concurrency limit offerings and if these change then this stored procedure won't work correctly.
  • This stored procedure depends on existing resource class offerings and if these change then this stored procedure won't work correctly.

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Note

If you are not getting output after executing stored procedure with parameters provided, then there could be two cases.

  1. Either DW Parameter contains an invalid SLO value
  2. Or, there is no matching resource class for the CCI operation on the table.

For example, at DW100c, the highest memory grant available is 1 GB, and if table schema is wide enough to cross the requirement of 1 GB.

Usage example

Syntax:
EXEC dbo.prc_workload_management_by_DWU @DWU VARCHAR(7), @SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR(128), @TABLE_NAME VARCHAR(128)

  1. @DWU: Either provide a NULL parameter to extract the current DWU from the DW DB or provide any supported DWU in the form of 'DW100c'
  2. @SCHEMA_NAME: Provide a schema name of the table
  3. @TABLE_NAME: Provide a table name of the interest

Examples executing this stored proc:

The following statement creates Table1 that is used in the preceding examples.CREATE TABLE Table1 (a int, b varchar(50), c decimal (18,10), d char(10), e varbinary(15), f float, g datetime, h date);

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Stored procedure definition

Next steps

For more information about managing database users and security, see Secure a database in Synapse SQL. For more information about how larger resource classes can improve clustered columnstore index quality, see Memory optimizations for columnstore compression.





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